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409 South Curtis Street

Detail of “*Nova et Aucta Orbis Terrae Descriptio ad Usum Navigantium Emendate Accommodata*” by Gerardus Mercator (1569)

Land-history research for 409 South Curtis Street Missoula, MT 59801

European Treatment Report

Recorded Presentation of Historical Context

Map with annotations in brown ink by Meriwether Lewis, tracing showing the Mississippi, the Missouri for a short distance above Kansas, Lakes Michigan, Superior, and Winnipeg, and the country onwards to the Pacific, by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark (c. 1803)

“Captains Lewis & Clark holding a Council with the Indians,” in A journal of the voyages and travels of a corps of discovery, : under the command of Capt. Lewis and Capt. Clarke of the Army of the United States, from the mouth of the River Missouri through the interior parts of North America to the Pacific Ocean, during the years 1804, 1805 & 1806 by (1810)

European Contact

The Doctrine of Discovery

Settler Colonization

The Treaty Period

Photograph of George Washington Manypenny by unknown artist (c. 1892)

Relinquishment.

“The commissioners were severally instructed to obtain a relinquishment of the Indian claims to lands, with proper rapidity; and, if practicable, to effect the concentration of the tribes and bands on a few reservations, in locations not touching on the white settlements, and to commence their negotiations with those tribes or bands nearest to, or brought into actual contact with such settlements, and between which and the settler & conflicting claims had arisen, or were likely to arise.”

Report of Commissioner of Indian Affairs George W. Manypenny to Secretary of the Interior R. McClelland (Nov. 22, 1856)

“Hon. Isaac Stevens,” by Mathew B. Brady and Levin C. Handy (c. 1860)

Civilization.

“[T]he great end to be looked to is the gradual civilization of the Indians and their ultimate incorporation with the people of the Territory.”

Letter from Territorial Governor Sevens to Comm’r George Manypenny (Sept. 16, 1854)

“Victor – Head Chide of the Flatheads,” by Gustavas Sohon (1854)

Away.

“I sit quiet and before me you give my land away.”

Chief Victor, Journal of the proceedings of the 1855 Hell Gate Treaty

Portrait of Adrian Hoecken by unknown artist (1896)

Ridicoulous.

"What a ridiculous tragi-comedy the whole council proved. It would take too long to write it all down—ah well! Not a tenth of it was actually understood by either party, for [the translator] speaks Flathead very badly and is no better at translating into English.”

Father Adrian Hoecken, quoted in Robert Bigart’s Getting Good Crops: Economic and Diplomatic Survival Strategies of the Montana Bitterroot Salish Indians, 1870–1891 (2012).